Poison gases

Chemical weapons, one of several chemical compounds, are usually toxic substances designed to kill, injure, or incapacitate enemy personnel. The First World War (1914-1918) is considered to be the beginning of modern chemical warfare. In this war, various chemical substances were used on a large scale, approx. During the conflict, various poisonous gases were used, and the impact on the victims varied. The German gas war plan was led by Fritz Haber (1868-1934), who tried to use chlorine for the first time, and in April 1915 in Ypres, 

The Iran-Iraq War (1980-88) and Syria First appearance in the Civil War. The United States and the Soviet Union accumulated a large number of chemical weapons during the decades of confrontation during the Cold War (1945-1991). The end of the Cold War allowed these former opponents to ban all types of Chemical weapons.

MUSTARD GAS:

On July 12, 1917, the German army used mustard gas on the British near Ypres. The death rate of mustard gas is 23%, but its effect is debilitating, and the patient needs a lot of care. 

Appearance:

Mustard gas (bis (2chlorethyl) sulfide)  is a colorless and odorless liquid in its pure state, but it is used as a chemical reagent in an unclean form. They are yellowish-brown and have a smell reminiscent of garlic or horseradish. 

Function: 

It is a strong irritant and foaming agent, which can damage the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Contact with skin causes burns. Forms intermediate products that react with DNA and cause cell death.

PHOSGENE & DIPHOSGEN: 

In December 1915, the German army used phosgene (Carbonyl Dichloride) against the British in Ypres. It is estimated that 85% of gas-related deaths in World War I were caused by phosgene and diphosgene (Trichloromethane Chloroformate), both of which were used to fill artillery shells. 

 

Appearance: 

Phosgene is a colorless gas with a musty smell, comparable to the smell of freshly cut hay or grass. Diphosgene is a colorless oily liquid. 

Function: 

It reacts with the proteins in the alveoli, causing suffocation. causes coughing, dyspnea, and throat irritation, and eyes. may cause to delay the effect of, which cannot be detected within 48 hours, including pulmonary effusion and death.

Chlorine:

In April 1915, the German army used chlorine in Ypres. In September, the British army used it for the first time in Luce. Chlorine is devastating because the troops were initially not equipped to deal with it. Gas masks later limited their effectiveness. When chlorine was first used in Ypres, the death toll exceeded 1,100. 

Appearance: 

Chlorine is a yellow-green gas with a strong pale odor. The soldiers described its smell as "a unique mixture of pepper and pineapple." 

Function:

Chlorine reacts with water in the lungs to form hydrochloric acid. It can cause coughing, vomiting, and eye irritation at low concentrations, and it can be fatal quickly at a concentration of 1000 ppm.

Tear gases: 

In August 1914, the French forces used tear gas grenades towards the German army, to little effect. These gases had been used to incapacitate enemies as opposed to kill; signs generally resolved within a half-hour of leaving the affected area.

Appearance:

Both ethyl bromoacetate and chloroacetone are colorless to mild yellow drinks with fruity, pungent odors. Xylyl bromide is a colorless liquid with a pleasant, fragrant odor.

Function:

Tear gases are what is understood as 'lachrymatory agents' - they aggravate mucous membranes with inside the eyes, mouth, throat & lungs, main to crying, coughing, respiration difficulties, and brief blindness.

References:

1) https://scs.illinois.edu/resources/safety-and-facilities-management/toxic-gas-list

2) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highly_toxic_gases

3) https://www.britannica.com/technology/poison-gas

4) https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/a-brief-history-of-chemical-war

5) https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-31042472